What is the process called that converts nitrogen into inorganic forms?

The process that converts nitrogen into inorganic forms is known as nitrogen fixation. This process is essential for transforming atmospheric nitrogen gas (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), which is a more usable form of nitrogen for many organisms, particularly plants. Nitrogen fixation can occur biologically through the action of certain bacteria and archaea, or abiotically through natural phenomena like lightning and industrial processes.

Understanding the importance of nitrogen fixation is crucial in microbiology, particularly in the context of soil health and fertility, as it replenishes the nitrogen content in ecosystems, which is vital for plant growth and, subsequently, the entire food chain. This process allows organisms that cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen directly to access this essential nutrient, thereby sustaining life within various environments.