What is a primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The distinction that eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and are more complex is fundamental in cell biology. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their membrane-bound nucleus, which houses the genetic material, allowing for a more organized and regulated expression of genes. This compartmentalization separates the processes of transcription and translation, increasing the efficiency of genetic regulation.

In addition to the presence of a nucleus, eukaryotic cells contain various membrane-bound organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria, which facilitate specialized functions within the cell. This complexity enables eukaryotic cells to perform a diverse range of biological processes more effectively than prokaryotic cells, which typically lack these organelles and the nucleus.

The primary characteristics that define prokaryotic cells include their simpler structure, absence of a membrane-bound nucleus, and smaller size. While prokaryotes can be incredibly efficient and adaptive, they do not possess the same level of organizational complexity found in eukaryotic cells, making them distinct in terms of cellular structure and function.