What are biofilms and what role do they play in infections?

Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces, forming a complex structure that can include bacteria, fungi, and even algae. When microorganisms establish a biofilm, they encase themselves in a self-produced extracellular matrix that helps protect them from adverse environmental conditions and enhances their ability to adhere to various surfaces, including medical devices, tissues, and natural structures like teeth.

In the context of infections, biofilms play a significant role because they can be more resistant to antibiotics and the host's immune response than free-floating bacteria. This resistance arises from several factors, including the protective matrix that encases the microbial community, the altered microenvironment within the biofilm, and changes in the metabolic activity of the cells within the biofilm. Biofilms are often implicated in chronic infections, particularly in cases of medical implants and devices, where they can lead to persistent and difficult-to-treat infections.

Understanding biofilms is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies, as disrupting their formation or enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments can significantly improve outcomes in infected patients.