How do viruses typically infect a host cell?

Viruses typically infect a host cell by attaching to specific receptors on the cell surface and subsequently injecting their genetic material into the host cell. This process begins with the virus recognizing and binding to proteins or carbohydrates on the host cell membrane, which are often specific to certain cell types. Once attached, the viral particle either directly injects its nucleic acids into the host cell or is taken up through endocytosis.

The injected genetic material then commandeers the cellular machinery of the host to replicate and produce new viral particles, often leading to cell death or lysis as the infection progresses. This method of infection is unique to viruses, distinguishing them from other pathogens like bacteria or fungi, which might employ different mechanisms of interaction with host cells. Understanding this process is crucial in microbiology and virology, as it lays the groundwork for developing antiviral strategies and treatments.